Trade Unions, Industry Call for Pay and Tax Reforms to Boost Consumption

The Union Budget is a document that reflects priorities, aspirations, and solutions to economic challenges. The 2025-26 Union Budget, set to be presented by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman, is already generating buzz. Two areas dominate the discourse: the formation of the 8th Pay Commission and income tax cuts. Both represent critical levers for boosting consumption, a vital driver of India's economic growth.

The Case for the 8th Pay Commission

Pay commissions for government employees and pensioners are not merely bureaucratic exercises—they are lifelines. Over 50 lakh central government employees and 65 lakh pensioners rely on the pay commission to keep pace with inflation, rising cost of living, and aspirations for a better quality of life.

The 7th Pay Commission, established in 2016, brought about significant changes in salaries and pensions. But nearly a decade has passed, and demands for the 8th Pay Commission are louder than ever. Central trade unions have pushed for its immediate formation during recent pre-budget consultations.

Why now? Inflation has steadily eroded the purchasing power of salaries, as determined in 2016. This is compounded by escalating costs of essentials, from healthcare to housing. The staff side of the National Council of Joint Consultative Machinery (JCM)*- has been vocal about increasing the fitment factor**, which could significantly impact revised pay scales.

A potential hike in the fitment factor, from 2.57 to 2.86, could see the minimum basic salary jump from ₹18,000 to ₹51,480. Beyond numbers, the 8th Pay Commission is a potential catalyst for economic growth. Higher salaries mean increased disposable incomes for millions, translating to heightened consumption in retail, real estate, and automobile sectors.

The ripple effect of higher spending by government employees could provide much-needed momentum to India's GDP, where private consumption contributes a whopping 60%.

Income Tax Cuts: The Middle-Class Demand 

While government employees look forward to the 8th Pay Commission, the larger middle class has pinned its hopes on income tax relief. This group, often described as the backbone of the Indian economy, has recently felt overburdened by taxes and inflation.

Trade unions and industry bodies alike have called for meaningful tax reforms. The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) has proposed reducing marginal tax rates for personal incomes up to ₹20 lakh per annum. Meanwhile, some unions have suggested raising the income tax exemption threshold to ₹10 lakh. Recent reports hint that the government is considering tax cuts for those earning up to ₹15 lakh annually, although specifics are yet to be announced.

These tax reforms are about reinvigorating an economy that has faced headwinds. Lower tax rates or higher exemption thresholds mean higher disposable income for families, which could lead to higher spending on everything from education and healthcare to leisure and consumer goods.

Addressing Disparities: A Balanced Approach 

The push for tax cuts isn't restricted to middle-class wishlists. Some trade unions have suggested imposing an additional 2% tax on the super-rich, with the proceeds earmarked for social security programs targeting informal workers. This proposal highlights a growing demand for equitable tax policies that address economic disparities and social responsibilities.

From a fiscal perspective, balancing tax relief for the middle class with increased revenue generation through targeted measures could help the government maintain its developmental priorities without compromising budgetary discipline.

Boosting Consumption: Why It Matters

India's economic recovery depends significantly on domestic consumption. The pandemic and its aftermath left many households financially strained, causing a pullback in discretionary spending. The government, therefore, faces a dual challenge: boosting consumer confidence and increasing their spending capacity.

• Increased Disposable Income: Both the 8th Pay Commission and income tax cuts promise to enhance disposable incomes, enabling families to spend more.
• Sectoral Growth: Higher consumption benefits key FMCG, real estate, and e-commerce sectors. For instance, higher incomes could revive demand for affordable housing or two-wheelers, creating jobs across value chains.
• Economic Multipliers: Every household's rupee creates a multiplier effect, benefiting businesses, generating employment, and increasing government revenues through indirect taxes.

The Road Ahead: Challenges and Considerations 

While the expectations are clear, the government faces significant challenges in meeting them.

1. Fiscal Prudence: Implementing the 8th Pay Commission and significant income tax cuts could strain government finances. Striking a balance between populist measures and fiscal responsibility will be critical.
2. Inflationary Pressures: Increased spending capacity could lead to demand-pull inflation, especially in sectors where supply constraints exist. Policymakers must be prepared to manage inflationary pressures that could erode the benefits of these measures.
3. Broader Reforms: Structural reforms that address systemic inefficiencies must accompany income tax cuts and pay revisions. For instance, simplifying the tax code, increasing compliance, and rationalising exemptions could make the tax system more robust and equitable.

Trade Unions and Industry: Partners in Progress 

Trade unions and industry bodies have played an essential role in shaping the discourse around the 2025 Budget. Their demands reflect a ground-level understanding of the challenges workers and businesses face. For trade unions, the focus remains on ensuring fair compensation, improved benefits, and stronger social security. Their push for the 8th Pay Commission aligns with these goals, as does their advocacy for using tax revenues to fund welfare schemes. On the other hand, industry bodies emphasise reducing the tax burden to stimulate investment and consumption. The CII's recommendations for lowering marginal tax rates and incentivising corporate investments highlight the private sector's role in driving economic growth.

Aligning Aspirations with Economic Stability 

As the Union Budget 2025 approaches, the government stands at a crossroads. On one hand, it must address the legitimate concerns of millions of government employees and middle-class taxpayers. On the other, it must ensure fiscal stability and long-term economic resilience.

The formation of the 8th Pay Commission and potential income tax cuts are not just financial measures—they are signals of the government's intent to prioritise inclusivity and growth. If implemented thoughtfully, these initiatives could unleash a wave of consumption-driven economic revival, benefiting households, businesses, and the nation.

India's middle-class and government employees have long been the bedrock of its economy. By addressing their concerns, the government can ignite the spark needed to propel the country towards a more equitable and prosperous future.

*A collaborative platform established by the Government of India to facilitate dialogue and negotiations between the government and its employees on service-related matters)

**The fitment factor is a multiplier used to calculate the revised salaries of government employees under pay commissions. It adjusts basic pay to account for inflation and rising living costs.